Chloramines
A form of a disinfectant produced by combining Chlorine and Ammonia. They are used to control the formation of regulated cancer-causing compounds, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and halo acetic acids (HAAs). They must be removed from any water to be used for fish tanks or ponds for fish, reptiles, turtles, and amphibians and also must be removed from water used for kidney dialysis. Chloramines are present in the water of customers of Hidalgo County, Cameron County, Starr County, and Willacy County and water customers of the cities of Brownsville, Weslaco, McAllen, Mission, Corpus Christi, Laredo, Hidalgo City, South Padre Island, El Paso, Las Cruces, Edinburg, Harlingen, San Benito, Los Fresnos, Olmito, Rio Hondo, Lyford, Raymondville, Port Mansfield, Linn, Roma, Rio Grande City, San Isidro, Encino, Armstrong, Las Lomitas, Hebbronville, Bruni, Oilton, Realitos, Benavides, Rios, Premont, Falfurrias, Sarita, Riviera, Loyola Beach, Kingsville, and Bishop.
Hard Water
Water containing calcium and magnesium with a minimum concentration of one grain per gallon measured as calcium carbonate equivalent.
Hardness*
A common quality of water which contains dissolved compounds of calcium and magnesium. The term hardness was originally applied to waters that were hard to wash in, referring to the soap wasting properties of hard water. Hardness prevents soap from lathering by causing the development of an insoluble curdy precipitate in the water; Dissolved calcium and magnesium salts are primarily responsible for most scaling in pipes and water heaters and cause numerous problems in the laundry, kitchen, and bath.
GRAINS PER GALLON MG/L (PPM)
- Soft = less than 1.0 Less than 17.1
- Slightly Hard = 1.0 to 3.5 17.1 to 60
- Moderately Hard = 3.5 to 7.0 60 to 120
- Hard=7.0 to 10.5 120 to 180
- Very Hard =10.5 and up180 and up
Ion Exchange*
A reversible process in which ions from an insoluble permanent solid medium (the “ion exchanger” – usually a resin) are exchanged for ions in a solution or fluid mixture surrounding the insoluble medium. Both cation and anion exchange is used in water conditioning. Cation exchange is commonly used for water softening.
Reverse Osmosis (RO)*
A water treatment process that removes undesirable materials from water by using pressure to force the water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. RO removes ionized salts, colloids, and organic molecules down to a molecular weight of 100.
Water Softener
A mechanical water treatment device that removes calcium and magnesium from a water source, usually through a bed of cation exchange media, producing higher quality water that is more effective and efficient for laundering, bathing, and dishwashing.
* WQA Glossary of Terms, Fourth Edition 2000